UNIT 5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE TOO AND ENOUGH, HAVE TO

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Comparatives and Superlatives (Los comparativos y superlativos)

Como hemos visto, los adjetivos describen cualidades de sustantivos. Algunas de estas cualidades pueden variar en el grado o intensidad. Al igual que en español, cuando queremos hacer comparaciones contrastamos cualidades o atributos por medio de adjetivos en sus diversos grados.

Grades of Adjectives (Grados de adjetivos)

Los adjetivos que pueden variar en el grado o intensidad tienen formas comparativas y superlativas. En la siguiente sección, hay las reglas sobre cómo formar estas formas comparativas y superlativas.

El grado positivo

El grado positivo de los adjetivos, que hemos visto anteriormente, es la cualidad en el grado más simple.

fast, hard, smart, pretty, clean, large, small, old, easy...

• Ejemplos:
• Juan is fast.
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  Juan is fast. (Juan corre rápido.)
• Angela's room is clean.
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  Angela's room is clean. (La habitación de Angela está limpia.)
• I am tall.
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  I am tall. (Soy alto.)
• New York is big.
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  New York is big. (Nueva York es grande.)

El grado comparativo

Al hacer comparaciones, podemos destacar la superioridad, inferioridad o igualdad de calidad de uno u otro. La estructura de cada uno de estos grados de comparación es diferente.

1. Comparativos de superioridad. En las comparaciones de superioridad, el adjetivo, que está en la forma comparativa (véase más adelante), es seguido por "than".
   • Ejemplos:
   • Juan is faster than Mark.
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     Juan is faster than Mark. (Juan corre más rápido que Mark.)
   • Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's.
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     Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. (La habitación de Angela está más limpia que la de Sue.)
   • I am taller than Beth.
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     I am taller than Beth. (Soy más alto que Beth.)
   • New York is bigger than Los Angeles.
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     New York is bigger than Los Angeles. (Nueva York es más grandeque Los Angeles.)
2. Comparativos de inferioridad. Para formar este tipo de comparación podemos usar las conjunciones "not as...as" or "less...than". En ambos casos, el adjetivo está en el grado positivo.
   • Ejemplos:
   • Mark is not as fast as Juan.
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     Mark is not as fast as Juan. (Mark no corre tan rápido como Juan.)
   • Sue's room is less clean than Angela's.
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     Sue's room is less clean than Angela's. (La habitación de Sue no es tan limpia como la de Angela.)
   • Beth is not as tall as me.
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     Beth is not as tall as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.)
   • Los Angeles is not as big as New York.
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     Los Angeles is not as big as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan grande como Nueva York.)
3. Comparativos de igualdad. Con el adjetivo en el grado positivo, utilizamos la conjunción "as...as" para formar las comparaciones de igualdad.
   • Ejemplos:
   • Mark is as fast as Juan.
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     Mark is as fast as Juan. (Mark corre tan rápido como Juan.)
   • Sue's room is as clean as Angela's.
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     Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. (La habitación de Sue es tan limpia como la de Angela.)
   • Beth is as tall as I am.as
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     tall as I am. (Beth es tan alta como yo.)
   • Los Angeles is as big as New York.
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     Los Angeles is as big as New York. (Los Angeles es tan grande como Nueva York.)
   Nota: Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a little...).
   • Ejemplos:
   • Juan is a lot faster than Mark.
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     Juan is a lot faster than Mark. (Juan corre mucho más rápido que Mark.)
   • I am a little taller than Beth.
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     I am a little taller than Beth. (Soy un poco más alta que Beth.)

El grado superlativo

El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado más alto y como en español, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo en la forma superlativa (véase más adelante).

• Ejemplos:
• Juan is the fastest.
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  Juan is the fastest. (Juan es el más rápido.)
• Angela's room is the cleanest.
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  Angela'a room is the cleanest. (La habitación de Angela es la más limpia.)
• I am the tallest.
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  I am the tallest. (Soy el más alto.)
• New York is the biggest city in the United States.
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  New York is the biggest city in the United States. (Nueva York es la ciudad más grande de los Estados Unidos.)

Nota: Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa "the". Además no se usa "the" si comparamos algo con si mismo.

• Ejemplos:
• His smartest student is Lisa.
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  His smartest student is Lisa. (Su estudiante más lista es Lisa.)
• New York is coldest in January.
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  New York is coldest in January. (Nueva York es más frío en enero.)

Form (Forma)

Hay unas reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo.
1. Para adjetivos de una sílaba:

Comparativo	Superlativo
añade: "-er" (faster Play faster)	añade: "-est" (fastest Play fastest)

2. Para adjetivos de una sílaba que terminan en "e":

Comparativo	Superlativo
añade: "-r" (nicer Play nicer)	añade: "-st" (nicest Play nicest)

3. Para adjetivos de una sílaba que terminan en consonante + vocal + consonante:

Comparativo	Superlativo
añade: consonante + "er" (hotter Play hotter)	añade: consonante + "-est" (hottest Play hottest)

4. Para adjetivos de dos silabas que terminan en "y":

Comparativo	Superlativo
sustituye "y" por: "-ier" (funnier Play funnier)	sustituye "y" por: "-iest" (funniest Play funniest)

5. Para adjetivos de dos o más silabas:

Comparativo	Superlativo
añade: "more"/"less" (more beautiful, less beautiful Play more beautiful)	añade "the most"/"the least": (the most beautiful, the least beautiful Play the most beautiful)

6. Adjetivos irregulares:

Adjetivo	Comparativo	Superlativo
good Play good	better Play better	best Play best
bad Play bad	worse Play worse	worst Play worst
far Play far Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative). My house is(big) than yours. This flower is(beautiful) than that one. This is the(interesting) book I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live(long) than smokers. Which is the(dangerous) animal in the world? A holiday by the sea is(good) than a holiday in the mountains. It is strange but often a coke is(expensive) than a beer. Who is the(rich) woman on earth? The weather this summer is even(bad) than last summer. He was the(clever) thief of all. too and enough  Form too + adjective or adverb too much/many + noun too much/many + of + pronoun/determiner adjective or adverb + enough enough + noun enough + of + pronoun/determiner Meaning We use too to mean more than sufficient or more/less than necessary. It's too late to stop him. Jerry was too young to watch the movie. There are too many people on this train, there's nowhere to sit. You have too much money, give some to me. You've eaten too many of those cakes. We use enough to mean sufficient. Your clothes are big enough to fit me. You've done enough work. You can stop now. Have you got enough money to buy me a drink? We use enough in negative sentences to mean less than sufficient or less than necessary. You're not working fast enough, you won't finish on time. Sorry, I haven't got enough food for everyone. Not enough of my friends are coming to the party. Fill in the correct word (too or enough). I left the coffee for a minute to cool because it was tooenoughhot to drink. He wasn't strong tooenough to lift that heavy box. There aren't tooenough policemen in our town. Do you have tooenough information to help me with this problem? It is tooenough difficult to do for a little child. I do not have tooenough much time to prepare dinner. I didn't buy the car because it was tooenough expensive. He didn't work hard tooenough to pass the exam. My mum can't sleep because she drinks tooenough much coffee. She isn't old tooenough to start driving. En esta parte podrás aplicar lo aprendido, practicar y comprobar que recuerdas tanto el vocabulario como la gramática de la lección. Si cometes errores, se recomienda repasar los temas y volver a realizar los ejercicios. Exercise 1 Completa los recuadros usando el adjetivo que se encuentra entre paréntesis con too o enough. 1. This computer is (slow) to do this calculation. 2. Elaine is (old) to enter here. 3. This suitcase is (heavy) to carry. 4. It isn't (sunny) to sunbathe. 5. Are you (tall) to reach that shelf? 6. You're (young) to drive. 7. You aren't (old) to drive. 8. That sweater is big, it's (big) for you. 9. The garden isn't (big) to play football. 10. This coffee is (strong) for me HAVE TO Put in have to or has to into the gaps. Example: I ______ get up early every day. Answer: I have to get up early every day. Toggle example 1) They write a test. 2) She clean her desk. 3) Ken and Liz learn English words. 4) Andy help his brother. 5) We do our homework. 6) He write with a pencil. 7) I feed the hamster. 8) You take photos. 9) Victoria read the newspaper. 10) The teacher send a text message.	further Play further	furthest Play furthest